2 20 1884 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Na Mi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 心口 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-31 Description An account of the resource 4月24日的《参考消息》刊登了一篇题为《"希望人们把怨恨化为宽恕"——美国民众将赵承熙也视为受害者》的报道，读后颇有感慨。 赵承熙，就是那位制造了美国弗吉尼亚理工大学枪击案的凶手，一位举家于数年前从韩国迁往美国的新移民。他在一手造成了 32人丧生后自杀。如果这事偏偏发生在咱们这个"文明古国"，那么，国人的态度会怎样呢？不用说，对赵承熙"恨之入骨"、"咬牙切齿"；对他的身亡也认为 "罪有应得"、"死有余辜"；而对他的父母，在舆论界甚至还要追究"家庭教育责任"。但是，当这种史无前例的校园命案发生在美国时，该国民众的宽容却令中国人无法想象。 在美国人看来，赵承熙虽是凶手，但也是受害者，至于其家人因失去了亲人所带来的悲痛也应慰藉。所以，在4月21日的弗吉尼亚理工大学的操场上，纪念遇难者的花岗岩悼念石不是32块，而是包括赵承熙在内共33块，写着姓名的彩纸也同样如此。而学生在悼念仪式上，敲响的是33 声丧钟，放飞到空中的气球也同样是33个......总之，悼念遇难者的一切活动，都没将赵承熙"抛弃"。对此，似乎没有哪个师生和遇难者的亲人提出异议。而美国民众写给在另一个世界的赵承熙的话更让我们的眼睛为之一亮： "你没能获得必要的帮助，知道这个事实的时候，我感到非常悲哀。希望你的家人能尽快得到安慰并恢复平静。巴贝拉。" "今后如果看到像你一样的孩子，我会对他伸出双手，给予他勇气和力量，把他的人生变得更好。我希望你的家人能克服你的作为带给他们的痛苦。希望你对其他那么多人的生活造成的破坏尽快复原，而这类事也不再重演。希望许多人心中对你的怨恨化为宽恕。大卫。" "希望你知道，我并没有太生你的气，不憎恨你。你没有得到任何帮助和安慰，对此我感到非常心痛。所有的爱都包含在这里。劳拉。"...... 而针对给赵承熙的姐姐4月20日公布的道歉文，也有很多回帖值得我们体味： "这不是你或你家人的错误。你也失去了你心爱的人。克拉克。" "对为了遇害者家属而勇敢站出来的赵承熙家人表示感谢。赵承熙的家人也在我的祈祷名单中。克里斯蒂娜。"...... 对于上述留言，读过的朋友不知有何感受？我想说的是：数十年来，中国大陆与美国在很多"大事"上都有些"针尖对麦芒"。其中孰是孰非，并不是一般人所能明晰的，甚至有的根本就不存在对与错。我能明显感知的是，如今中国人最向往的国家还是美国。为什么？除了物质条件的相对优越之外，美国的精神财富也比我们还是要富有得多。这是不争的事实！至于缘由，我说不清！也许与他们普遍拥有宗教情怀有关？也许与他们那已深入到胃髓里的做人意识有关？其实，我们的教育也提"教书育人"。可是，我们会发现：每一个人从小到大在家庭、学校、社会受到过同口径的实实在在做人的教育吗？如果有，那也是特例！就连我们曾经颇感自豪的"中国式的政治教育"，通过几十年的实践证明，还是取消最好。所以，我有时候想：我们向美国学习的东西不光是科学技术，而且还包括为人处事。 作者：心口 （2007年4月24日晚） -- Original Source:宇辰金融圈 <a href="http://www.ah1234.com/Article/wz/whzt/200704/326.html">http://www.ah1234.com/Article/wz/whzt/200704/326.html<a/> Language A language of the resource zh-Hans Title A name given to the resource 如果赵承熙在中国…… 宽� �害者 美国民众 赵承熙 https://april16archive.org/files/original/SL-VT-Memorial_dc97839f48.jpg null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-04-30 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-04-30 10:21:33 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Åsa Rosenberg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Åsa Rosenberg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-04-30 Description An account of the resource At about 15 PM SLT/PST 16 April 2007 a group of Second Life residents started working on a memorial space for the VT-tragedy. People from all over the world helped out. This shapshot shows the InfoIsland memorial at 18 PM PST 16 April 2007 and the same place three days later, 19 April 2007 17 PM PST when hundreds of visitors had come by to leave flowers and pay their final respects. Language A language of the resource eng Title A name given to the resource SL VT Memorial internet memorial second life Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sara Hood Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource A.J. Donatoni Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-23 Description An account of the resource By: A.J. Donatoni Posted: 4/26/07 Seung-Hui Cho took the lives of 32 Virginia Tech students and faculty in a senseless act of violence April 16. On Wednesday, 32 Syracuse University students and area residents came together in the Panasci Lounge at the Schine Student Center to participate in the Speak Out Against Violence in response to that act. The speak out, sponsored by the Greek Council and the Student Association, was a forum designed to commemorate the victims of the shootings and give those in attendance a chance to voice their opinions on what occurred that morning. One by one, several participants walked up to the podium located at the back of the lounge and addressed the rest of the group by either sharing a personal experience or simply giving their perspective on what transpired on the campus of Virginia Tech. Senior Amanda Torres helped organize the Speak Out and has coordinated several events around the campus in honor of the Virginia Tech community. "When I was in high school, 9/11 happened and I was going to school in New York City," said Torres, entrepreneurship and emerging enterprises major. "That&#39;s the reason why I decided to become in involved in this." Torres spoke of her own personal experience in New York City when the World Trade Center was attacked but said that the shootings had a similar feel to them, which motivated her to do whatever she could to help out. "I was watching it on the big screen in Schine, and I stood there in disbelief, like I couldn&#39;t believe this was happening at a college that was comparable in size to us," said Torres of the shootings. "I can&#39;t imagine the fear that was going through the families and friends there." Junior Jacqueline Cho said the shootings touched her personally because she is Asian American. Because she shares the same last name of the shooter - Cho - she said the events have affected her on a deeper level. "My sister lives in London, and the day after it happened, when she went to work, she got backlash from her co-workers about being an American citizen," said Cho, television, radio and film major. She also said the workers joked to her sister about coming into work that day with guns to shoot them. Cho said she had not received any verbal backlash personally, but she has read blogs and other postings from student groups that have been "pretty upsetting." "As a student of color, my main concern was that when this happened, why would I have to carry the burden about how I or my (Asian Pacific American) community would be represented in the media because of one individual?" she said. "After the incident I became very self-aware." Roy Baker, director of fraternity and sorority affairs at SU, is originally from Richmond, Virginia, and attended the University of Virginia. He said he has many ties to Virginia Tech and that the news hit home hard. "I saw the news and witnessed the things that were happening on that campus, and I started thinking about all the people that I knew that worked there," he said. "I wasn&#39;t sure if I should reach out to them or just leave them alone." Baker said he eventually contacted those whom he knew and that they were going through something "unimaginable" and "incomprehensible." "What if something like that could happen here?" he said. "I would hope that we as a community would appreciate what we have at this great institution, and come together and do the things that could have prevented this by supporting one another and making one another feel like we each matter." Once the open forum portion of the event was finished, the Speak Out concluded with a moment of silence by the 32 SU community members for the 32 victims, whose names were read by the event volunteers. -- Original Source:<a href=http://media.www.dailyorange.com/media/storage/paper522/news/2007/04/26/News/Vt.Aftermath.Continues.Su.Reflects.With.Speak.Out-2881603.shtml> The Daily Orange - April 26, 2007</a> Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Daily Orange Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Peter Waack <pwaack@dailyorange.com> Title A name given to the resource VT aftermath continues; SU reflects with speak out syracuse university Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sara Hood Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource A.J. Kornblith Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-31 Description An account of the resource A.J. Kornblith, Cavalier Daily Opinion Editor AS A Yankee from Pittsburgh, when I first started looking at colleges I didn&#39;t even know what UVA and VT stood for, much less the history of their long and storied rivalry. But once I arrived at the University, I learned quickly that Wahoos and Hokies don&#39;t usually get along. Proper etiquette called for sneering whenever a person wearing Virginia Tech logos appeared, behaving as obnoxiously as possible at sporting events and the occasional defacement of a sporting venue thrown in for good measure. The University and Virginia Tech are usually judged by their performances against one another, whether in the realms of academics, sports or the number of columns one can tastefully fit on a single campus. But the true measure of these rival institutions and their communities lies in their ability to set aside their competition and help one another under tragic circumstances. The terrible slaughter of at least 33 students in Blacksburg yesterday morning represented such a disaster. While the tragedy shocked and saddened the entire country, it also brought out the best in the University community as students and their leaders reached out quickly and compassionately to lend Virginia Tech a hand in their time of most urgent need. For those of us who spend much of our time in the Newcomb basement reporting on thinly-attended election debates and other examples of general student ambivalence, the speed of the reaction was shocking and inspiring. Almost as soon as students began to receive a steady trickle of news from television, the internet and friends around the state, the calls to help appeared almost immediately. By early afternoon Facebook groups such as "Hoos for Hokies," "Virginia Tech Needs Our Support," "Hoos Reaching Out To Hokies" and "Hoos Prayin for Hokies" among others were up and running, gaining nearly 3,900 members between them. Calls for donations went out, and CIOs were invited to join a growing grassroots effort. Perhaps even more encouraging was the quickness with which our student leaders, so often criticized as lethargic, sprang into action to marshal the outpouring of support from students. Student Council in coordination with the University administration immediately planned a memorial vigil to be held tonight in the Amphitheatre at which President Casteen will speak. Using the organizing power of Facebook, they quickly spread the word with help from eager students. Other organizations mobilized as well. The Fourth Year Trustees, for example, organized a bar night soliciting donations to be sent to Virginia Tech, also scheduled for this evening. In any tragedy, we find ourselves filled with sorrow for the victims and their families. But a tragedy at Virginia Tech affects us here at the University more powerfully than a tsunami halfway around the world ever could. Throughout the day yesterday we saw not only the stories on the national news but frantically called, instant messaged and e-mailed friends and family members at Virginia Tech as we tried to make sure they were alright. The pictures I saw and the stories I heard throughout the day hurt. But they will pale in comparison with the memory of steadying my friend&#39;s hand as she wept trying to text message a high school friend who lives in one of the buildings where the shootings occurred. Similar scenes played out across Grounds and across the state of Virginia. Students here were also possessed with a sense that "There but for the grace of God go I." The realization that this could have happened here makes us all the more eager to help our compatriots. We still know few details about what exactly happened -- who exactly was hurt and why an individual decided to wreak such havoc on innocent students and staff. But this we know: The students, faculty and administration of Virginia Tech have our complete support as they cope with this catastrophe. Today, we mourn with our rivals. A.J. Kornblith is an Opinion Editor for The Cavalier Daily. He can be reached at akornblith@cavalierdaily.com. -- Original Source:<a href=http://www.cavalierdaily.com/CVArticle.asp?ID=30148&pid=1582>The Cavalier Daily - April 17, 2007</a> Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Cavalier Daily Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Meggie Bonner <meggiebonner@gmail.com> Title A name given to the resource Rivals in mourning sports rivalry support sympathy uva Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Na Mi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 姚国健, 中国新闻网 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-19 Description An account of the resource 稿源： 中国新闻网 编辑： 姚国健 2007-04-22 04:42 今天中午弗吉尼亚理工大学中国学生学近百人在校园联合纪念死难同学，并为死难者捐款。 　　记者看到，在校园的中心大草地上，中国学者学生近百人聚集起来，在铺在草地上的白布上签下自己的姓名和留言。同学们自发为死难学子捐款，有的从钱包掏出现金，有的还在在现场用早已准备好的支票填写金额，然后投入募捐的箱子。据中国学生学者联谊会负责人介绍，这些款项将如数转交给校方的相关基金会。 　　据了解，这是该校所有的中国学族裔和社团中最早举办独立纪念活动的。该校学生学者联谊会负责人对记者说，大家聚集起来的目的，不是为了表明自己的清白，标榜和韩国裔同学的区别，而是和全校师生分享悲伤，体现中国学子作为弗吉尼亚理工大学一分子的共同愿望。 　　记者采访一些中国留学生后了解到，枪案发生后，整个校园笼罩在悲伤之中，亚裔学子心情最为压抑，有些韩裔学生因为担心报复和歧视，已经离开了校园。中国学子认为，当地和学校的保护措施很好，除了自己需要小心，还应该更多地真诚融合到主流社会中。 -- Original Source:中国新闻网 http://www.enorth.com.cn <a href="http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2007/04/22/001627575.shtml">http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2007/04/22/001627575.shtml</a> Language A language of the resource zh-Hans Title A name given to the resource 弗吉尼亚理工大学中国学生学者联合纪念死难者 中国学生学者��纪念死难者 �款 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Na Mi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 叶铁桥 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-27 Description An account of the resource 2007-04-20 10:22:04 新华网 在这起美国历史上最严重的校园枪击案中，部分新闻媒体的错误报道，使公众经受了一次心灵的考验。真相大白后，人们纷纷把矛头指向这些媒体，直言为媒体的表现感到愤怒和悲哀，并开始反思媒体在此次报道中所暴露 出的问题。 某门户网站一名编辑表示，对他们而言，转载了假新闻不知道算不算事故，但如果该新闻没得到确认之前，他们的竞争对手转载了，而他们漏掉了，那就算是事故，"这充分说明了网络媒体竞争的残酷性，我们现在最大的压力是，如何保证新闻首发，这样，有些消息就很难得到证实。" 有过20多年新闻从业经历的美国《大西洋月刊》专栏作家JamesFallows表示，"这个事件充分说明，新闻的精确性是何等重要，特别是在网络时代，特别是面对来自网上的信息资料。" 他说，这一事件再次提醒新闻从业者，应该牢记那个古老的新闻从业原则：你想报道独家新闻，但首先必须要确保这个新闻是真实的。"新闻记者总是处于时效的压力下，但即使这样，我们也不应当发表不能确信其真实性的新闻。" 中国人民大学新闻学院教授喻国明今天(4月20日)表示，这个事件表明，我国媒体还缺乏防范假新闻的职业规范，对于这么重大的事件，按照新闻职业要求，国内的媒体应该在消息予以证实后再发布。"很遗憾，一些媒体工作人员不愿意去证实这个新闻的真实性。" 喻国明说，按照职业的新闻操作手法，对于影响如此巨大的事件，首先要有权威的消息来源，比如警方正式公布的案情等。如果没有的话，也应当找到至少两个切实可信的消息来源作为客观事实的依据，并且必须说明消息来源是未经证实的。 他说，在《芝加哥太阳时报》的网站上，那个专栏女作家使用的都是匿名的消息来源，并且是单方面来源，这个报道从新闻职业规范来看，本来就是不值得信任的新闻。因此，几乎所有的美国主流媒体都没有跟进报道，但国内许多媒体不但转载报道，而且还在报道中舍弃了许多不确定的词语，让整个事件变得似乎确定无疑。"这样做完全不符合真实性、客观性要求，也不符合业务规范的要求。" 中国人民大学新闻学院教授陈力丹也表示，那名女专栏作家的报道，使用了好几处匿名新闻来源，而要确保新闻的真实性，消息来源的透明化无疑是重要保障之一。隐匿权的使用，主要是因为某些消息来源倘若被公开，有关人员会面临各种社会压力甚至有生命危险，因此，在任何时候都做到消息来源的完全透明是不可能的。 "但一篇报道如果充满了&#39;据消息灵通人士透露&#39;、&#39;据业内权威人士介绍&#39;和&#39;一位了解情况的公司高层说&#39;这类的匿名消息源，受众就有可能怀疑该篇报道所陈述的事实。" 陈力丹表示，匿名消息源在使用上给媒体带来了"双刃剑"效应。一方面，它能够帮助媒体揭露事实真相，满足公众知情需要，同时提升了媒体自身的公信力，比如《华盛顿邮报》对水门事件的报道就体现了匿名消息源的正面效应。但另一方面，匿名消息源有可能造成新闻失实，不仅使单个媒体的公信力受损，而且有可能使整个新闻行业的信誉蒙羞，比如《纽约时报》的"布莱尔造假事件"使用匿名消息源，就是其造假的主要手段之一。 喻国明也表示，假新闻会对媒体的品牌和信誉造成巨大损害，消息的准确性比早一点发布永远要高一个层次，我国媒体应当建立起更加规范的操作方式。 Jam e s F allo w s则认为，在美国，市场监督和新闻从业者的自律可以发挥作用。美国媒体有自我评价和相互评价的习惯，市场监督则表现在受众或广告商是否愿意支持一个媒体或栏目上。 前不久，美国就有一个非常知名的广播主持人因为发表种族歧视言论而受到了众多记者的尖锐批评，他的栏目广告也全部被撤了，最终，他那个栏目不得不被取消。(中国青年报北京4月19日电/记者 叶铁桥) -- Original Source:中国青年报 <a href="http://news.china.com/zh_cn/domestic/945/20070420/14054158.html">http://news.china.com/zh_cn/domestic/945/20070420/14054158.html<a/> Language A language of the resource zh-Hans Title A name given to the resource 假新闻伤害媒体公信力 反思美校园枪击案报道 �新闻 �� 《�加哥太阳时报》 媒体公信力 校园枪击案报� 新闻从业原则 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Na Mi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 凤凰淑女 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-27 Description An account of the resource 最近在美国发生的校园枪击事件，中国经历了震惊，担忧，和反思三个阶段。 　　中国人震惊于美国校园又发生重大惨案，死去了32个无辜的大学生而感到悲伤；担忧的是不知道凶手是哪国人，别是中国人！这个过程一惊一乍，最后终于证实了不是中国人所为；再接着，就是全世界人们在对无辜失去生命的32个年轻的生命悼念的同时，也对美国人对待杀人后自己也死去的凶手的态度表现出来的人性，给予人们启发和赞扬。 　　"布什先生和劳拉女士，出现在弗吉尼亚理工大学校园，和最悲痛的全校师生站在一起，没有官话，没有职责，没有命令的口气，没有高谈阔论，只是简单的真诚的平静的和所有悲痛的人们一起怀念所有无辜的死去的人的时候，再到最近的追悼仪式上，被广泛认为，是残忍的杀手赵承熙同样受到悼念的时候，美国人平静理性的反思为什么没有给赵承熙这样的人，这样的学生关怀、帮助，为没有在赵承熙生前关心过他而自责的时候，再看到全校学生、整个美国陌生的民众自发的悼念这次悲剧的死者，美国的民众给予赵承熙宽容，理解，甚至不断反思这个社会为什么会没有给赵承熙这样的人更多的帮助和关怀"...... 　　应该说，这个事件中所有的人都是受害者，我本来很想对杀人凶手赵承熙的犯罪心路做一番分析，目的是引起美国人民的反思，在美国那片"乐土"上，有很多其他国家的后裔，他们对美国社会既向往又不适应，特别是欧洲以外的各国家，由于文化的不同，在各方面都和美国本土人有差异，所以当口齿不清的韩国人赵承熙用不大流利的英语站起来发言的时候，当他与同学交往的时候，都受到了嘲笑和讽刺，有的时候在教室里会听到喊"滚回你的老家去"那样的伤心话。一个在本土生存的高中孩子这样的年龄段都会发生心理疾病，更别说在外国，不适应环境性格内向缺少来自于家庭和社会关怀的人，向赵承熙这样由于外界的不适应和压力，产生抑郁症者不在少数，但是如果及时发现和治疗，并给予更多的关怀，是可以好转的，但赵承熙没有那么好的运气，他没有得到重视，他的心理疾病越来越重却无人发现，直接导致了心理扭曲到极端。 　　恶性事件的发生，给社会和家庭带来了灾难，三十多个家庭失去了可爱的在读大学的孩子，对那些悲痛欲绝的父母，我们表示深切的慰问。 　　本事件也让韩国人感到内疚，毕竟是自己的国人所为，韩国政府代表国民向美国致欠。 　　但美国人的理性反思，却让全世界人们看到并佩服，他们的人民之理性，之成熟，是我们需要学习的，他们并没有疯狂，在极其悲痛的过程中，他们表现的是反思社会没有给予赵承熙更多和及时的关怀，当悼念死者的时候，他们并没有去掉杀人凶手赵承熙的名字，他们悼念的死者是33个人的名字，这就是理性的人性和胸怀，这正是我们中国人看到并该学习和反思的。只有在处理重大事件的时候，我们才能比较出各个国家人民的整体素质。人性无国界，在处理这个恶性事件中，美国民众更多的表现出人性的一面。我私下里认为，美国人真聪明处理事情很成熟。事情出来了，亚裔国家的人都很担心，因为美国人根本分不清楚黄皮肤的人是那国人，那么所有亚洲人都会受到情绪牵连，就向9。11事件出来后，所有阿拉伯国家人和美籍阿拉伯人都受到监控和警惕。但美国总统在此次校园恶性事件悼念活动中做了个姿态，更多地给美国人民做出理性和人性关怀的表率，这就是极其聪明的做法。同时美国民间人士们从人性的角度对一个极端心理重病患者反思社会对他生前关怀不够，这看起来让人感动。 　　中国人"庆幸"那杀人凶手不是中国人，按照中国家长的说法"这些孩子在家连个鸡都没杀过，怎么可能杀人？"但这只代表正常心理并适应美国学习环境的中国留学生，而整体上，中国人是不是那么理性，那么人性，这个问题不可以不反思。中国的学校对学生的心理发展是不是很重视呢？人和人之间的人性人文关怀是不是那么到位呢？ 　　现在城市青少年抑郁症已经是多发病，这跟社会变革生活节奏变快、青少年的父母生活动荡思想不稳定、家庭关怀减少有很大关系，很多抑郁症青少年患者的父母亲，都处在工作动荡，情绪不稳定的阶段，这是我所做的调查。另外也有对学习压力过大，对自己过分要求的学生发生心理疾病。 　　目前城市中学里，很多已经建立了心理辅导老师，这个做法非常有效，对青少年及时进行心理辅导，帮助他们克服青少年转换时期的困惑，平稳度过人生最不稳定的情绪阶段，学校义不容辞，家长义不容辞。青年人是人类的未来，对他们更多的关怀并传递出更多的人性和文化，让他们的心理健康发展，这是人类健康发展的保证。 　　但愿美国校园发生的心理极端而导致的惨案不要再发生，但愿我们的社会多点人与人之间的宽容和温暖，让人性的光彩照耀着我们的社会健康发展。 -- Original Source: www.hongxiu.com <a href="http://article.hongxiu.com/a/2007-5-8/2117106.shtml">http://article.hongxiu.com/a/2007-5-8/2117106.shtml<a/> Language A language of the resource zh-Hans Title A name given to the resource 美国处理校园惨案的理性态度给中国人的反思 心��端 �� 处�校园惨案 �性�度 https://april16archive.org/files/original/F200704180757522799116952_d0c11ff9ae.jpg null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-15 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-08-15 16:16:59 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Na Mi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 吕明响 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-15 Description An account of the resource On April 17,a student of Virginia Tech wrote message on one of the posters on the drillfield before vigil. Original Source:新华社 <a href="http://world.people.com.cn/GB/1029/5627794.html">http://world.people.com.cn/GB/1029/5627794.html</a> Language A language of the resource eng Title A name given to the resource Vigil on April 17 Drillfield vigil virginia tech https://april16archive.org/files/original/xin_0404041809575931268125_f6bde3abe4.jpg null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-15 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2007-08-15 22:56:06 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Na Mi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 吕明响 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-15 Description An account of the resource In the drillfield, students mourned for the victims and comforted each other. Photo taken April 17,2007 Original Source:新华网 <a href="http://news.online.sh.cn/news/gb/content/2007-04/18/content_1927629_7.htm">http://news.online.sh.cn/news/gb/content/2007-04/18/content_1927629_7.htm</a> Language A language of the resource eng Title A name given to the resource Mourning convocation football field Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Na Mi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 余虹 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-27 Description An account of the resource 作者：余虹 文章来源：南方周末 更新时间：2007-6-7 【弗吉尼亚理工大学举行的悼念仪式上，放飞的气球是３３个，敲响的丧钟是３３声，而马加爵被枪决后的骨灰至今还孤独清冷地在那里没人收留，包括他的父母。　　 一名凶手开枪打死了３２个人，凶手本人饮弹自尽。在守夜仪式上他们点燃了３３根蜡烛，为３３个生命祈祷。牧师看着３３根蜡烛说："当那名凶手在开枪的时候，我相信他的灵魂在地狱里，而此刻，我相信上帝也和他的灵魂在一起，他也是一个受伤的灵魂。" 　　与３３根蜡烛形成鲜明对比的，是马加爵被枪决后的骨灰至今还孤独清冷地在那里没人收留，包括他的父母。】 弗吉尼亚理工大学枪击事件发生的时候，我正在波士顿大学做访问学者。一名凶手开枪打死了３２个人，凶手本人饮弹自尽。刚听到这一消息时有些震动，但震动很快过去了，因为这种事听多了见多了；当风闻凶手是中国人时有些不安，毕竟自己是中国人，仿佛自己也脱不了干系，但不安很快也消失了，因不久便有更正，凶手不是中国人；再听说美国人在悼念活动中竟连凶手也一起悼念，我惊讶了，这惊讶久久不能平息。 一天在去波士顿大学的途中，一名同行的中国留学生对我讲了事发第二天晚上他们社区的守夜祈祷。她告诉我在守夜仪式上他们点燃了３３根蜡烛，为３３个生命祈祷，这让我惊讶。她向我转述了守夜仪式上人们的悲伤以及他们的言谈，其中一位牧师的话让我惊讶。这位牧师看着３３根蜡烛说："这里的每一根蜡烛都象征着一个生命，它们现在都很平静，我相信他们都在上帝那里得到了安息。当那名凶手在开枪的时候，我相信他的灵魂在地狱里，而此刻，我相信上帝也和他的灵魂在一起，他也是一个受伤的灵魂。" 这之后，我又看了一些相关报道，这些报道继续让我惊讶。在弗吉尼亚理工大学４月２０日中午举行的悼念仪式上，放飞的气球是３３个，敲响的丧钟是３３声。次日，安放在校园中心广场草坪上半圆的石灰岩悼念碑是３３块，其中一块碑上写着"２００７年４月１６日赵承熙"。赵承熙的悼念碑旁边也放着鲜花和蜡烛，还有一些人留下的纸条。其中有两个纸条这样写着："希望你知道我并没有太生你的气，不憎恨你。你没有得到任何帮助和安慰，对此我感到非常心痛。所有的爱都包含在这里。劳拉"；"赵，你大大低估了我们的力量、勇气与关爱。你已伤了我们的心，但你并未伤了我们的灵魂。我们变得比从前更坚强更骄傲。我从未如此因身为弗吉尼亚理工学生而感到骄傲。最后，爱，是永远流传的。艾琳。" 再后来，我在网上和报上发现，不只是我一个中国人对美国人的做法感到惊讶和意外，很多中国人都如此。就在我听到那名波士顿大学中国留学生对守夜仪式的转述之后，我便打电话问了国内的几位研究生和朋友。我的问题是："如果我们要为这次事件举行一个悼念仪式，我们会烧几炷香？"他们几乎不假思索地回答：３２炷。当我告诉他们美国人的做法时，他们也惊讶了。 于是，一个问题缠绕着我，让我久久不能平静："３３"这个数字为什么让我们惊讶？为什么我们只想到"３２"而不会想到"３３"？那个让我们惊讶和意外的"３３"究竟意味着什么？没有"３３"的地方缺少什么？为什么我们只有"３２"的悲伤经验，而没有"３３"的悲伤经验？换句话说，为什么在我们的悲伤经验中没有凶手的位置？为什么凶手理应是愤恨的对象，而非悲伤的对象？ 悲伤的经验起于爱，我们因爱被害者而悲伤，当悲伤将凶手包含在其中时，爱同样给予了凶手。我们所惊讶并陌生的就是这种爱：对凶手何以不恨而爱？这是一种什么样的爱？ 在枪击事件发生后，我们至少看到三种截然不同的感受与反应：第一种是为受害者悲伤，憎恨凶手，这是最为通常的悲伤经验，它的前提是善恶区分，特点是爱憎分明；第二种反应因受害者是敌人而幸灾乐祸，这里没有悲伤只有快乐，没有爱只有恨，它的前提是敌我区分；第三种反应是既为受害者悲伤也为凶手悲伤，它的信念是一切生命都有同样的价值，或者说生命的价值高于一般的善恶敌我区分的价值。 我们熟悉第一、第二种，而惊讶和陌生于第三种。那第三种感受与反应中就有我们不熟悉的爱。于是我想问：我们熟悉的爱是什么？它与我们不熟悉的爱有什么不同？ 我们熟悉的爱乃有分别的世俗之爱，不熟悉的爱乃无分别的神圣之爱。 一般来说，世俗之爱主要有两种形式：１．以亲疏敌我区分为基础的爱；２．以善恶是非区分为基础的爱。第一种爱是最原始本能的爱，是本能的自我之爱或自爱，它的基础是利害关系，即对我有利者爱，对我无利者不爱，对我有害者恨；对我有大利者大爱，对我有小利者小爱；对我有小害者小恨，对我有大害者大恨。由于血缘关系是最原始本能的利害关系，所以血缘上的亲疏远近决定了爱的等差或爱与不爱，而当亲疏关系恶化为敌我关系时，等差之爱便转换成了恨与爱的对立。通常的自私自利、狭隘的爱国主义、民族主义、地方主义中深藏的就是这种爱，而所谓阶级斗争中也活跃着这种爱。在这种爱的背后可能潜藏着对他国、他族、他乡、他人、别的阶级的疏离、冷漠甚至仇恨。这种爱是我们最熟悉的爱，也是我们习以为常并在无意识中践行的爱。在那种因受害者是敌人而幸灾乐祸的感受中，我们看到了这种爱的极端样式。第二种爱是文明程度很高的爱，它的根据是社会正义和道德善恶，即对义者爱，对不义者不爱，对大不义者恨；对善者爱，对小恶者不爱，对大恶者恨。这种爱也是我们所熟悉的，在为受害者悲伤而怨恨凶手的悲伤经验中，我们看到的是这种爱，在狭隘的道德主义情感和律法主义情感中我们看到的也是这种爱。 显然，让我们惊讶的爱是另一种爱。这种爱超越了所有世俗之爱的偏爱与选择，它不以亲疏敌我、义与不义、善恶是非的区分为前提和条件，它爱人如己，爱义人也爱不义的人，爱善人也爱恶人，"３３"这个数字就是这种爱的见证。这种爱只有爱而没有恨，那是一种来自基督启示并在长期的信仰实践中培育起来的神圣之爱。 一种"爱敌人"、"爱恶人"的爱的确让我们惊讶，一种"与恨彻底割断了牵连"的爱的确让我们意外。尽管在我们的传统中也有宽恕、大度、以德报冤、相逢一笑泯恩仇的美德，但却是一些太过脆弱的美德，它不仅缺乏强大的文化观念支持和信仰实践的支撑，更是在以牙还牙、爱憎分明的腥风血雨中不堪一击。 "恨"是一种原始的非理性情结，也是一种传统的道德理性情结，它们都寄生于世俗之爱。爱亲友与恨敌人二位一体，于是有"对敌人的同情就是对同志的残忍"之论；爱善人与恨恶人一体不可分，于是有"疾恶如仇、爱憎分明"之说。有爱就有恨，仿佛天经地义，亘古不移。然而，十字架上的真理却见证了另一种爱，一种与恨分离的爱。耶稣说："爱你们的敌人并为那些迫害你们的人祷告......天父的光既照好人也照坏人；天父的雨既给义人也给不义的人。"（《马太福音》）耶稣一生的讲道与践行都在向人们启示这种无条件、无分别、化恨为爱的爱。这种爱经过两千多年的基督信仰传播，已成为西方文明中最有价值的一部分，并铸造了一种相当普遍的信念和实践态度，于是才有了"３３"那个令我们惊讶的数字。 一种化恨为爱的爱并不是与社会正义相冲突的爱，并不是不要社会正义的爱，而是一种在正义的要求与践行中将爱贯彻到底的爱。一个有圣爱情怀的人也会主张惩罚凶手，因为一个人必须为自己的罪行承担责任，这是社会正义的基本要求，但他不会怀着对罪犯的仇恨来实施这种惩罚，而是在惩罚中有一种巨大的悲伤和怜悯，他会因一个生命被罪行所毁而痛惜，他会为罪人的不幸堕落而伤心。这种爱对己是一种悲剧性的告诫，因为自己也可能犯罪；对罪犯是一种同情式的惋惜，它会撼动罪犯内心那顽固的恨。与之相反，如果我们把惩罚罪犯的正义要求变成对他的深仇大恨，把对罪犯的惩罚变成一种泄恨的方式，恨就不仅会中断我们对自己可能犯罪的警醒，还会强化我们由正义要求而滋生的恨。至于对罪犯，这种恨会让他更为凄凉地走上不归路，并与自己的恨纠缠不清。 其实无论是民众对凶手的恨，还是凶手对被害者的恨，都可能是一种出于正义要求的恨。赵承熙杀人的直接心理意向是恨。在遗书中他说："你们要什么有什么。光有宾士轿车还不够，你们这些被宠坏了的家伙，有了金项链还嫌不够，有了伏特加酒和干邑白兰地酒还嫌不够，你们放浪形骸还嫌不够。"在录像带上他充满怨恨地说："你们原本有１０００亿个机会可以避免今天这种下场，却把我逼到墙角，让我只剩下一个选择，这是你们自己决定的。"显然赵承熙的恨出于他对社会公义和道德之善的坚持，这种恨的积累使他失去了以恰当的态度来对待不公与不善的理性，最后致使他疯狂地走向犯罪，并将这种犯罪看作是伸张正义的壮举，为此他才说："我死得像耶稣基督一样悲壮，得以启发后世的弱者和弱势族群。"赵承熙的凶杀让我想起了三年前杀死四位同学的马加爵。在执行死刑前记者问他："你是想通过杀人发泄什么？"马加爵回答："恨，反正那段时间真的是很恨他们......他们不光说我打牌作弊，而且说我平时为人怎么怎么样。他们说的与我一直以来想象中的自己很不同，我恨他们。"记者又问："有没有想过去和他们谈谈，交换一下看法呢？"马加爵回答："没想过，不可能的，当时只想到恨......那段时间每天都在恨。必须要做这些事，才能泄恨，至于后果是什么，没去想。"在遗书中他说："我决定给那些歧视穷苦人、蔑视穷苦人的人一个教训，我决定给那些无情践踏、残忍蹂躏穷苦人人格尊严的人一个教训。"显然，马加爵的恨也有道德正义的理由：人格尊严不容侵犯，他也把杀人看作伸张正义的方式。 恨是一种非常危险的非理性激情，不管它来自何处，都可能导致罪，尤其是来自正义要求的恨。历史上形形色色以"正义之剑"杀人的罪实在是太多了，马、赵只不过是其中的小巫而已。以伸张正义之名而产生的恨可能导致十分邪恶的罪，于是，爱的问题最终将我们引向恨的难题。恨是一种非常隐蔽而顽固的罪恶之因，尤其是在正义的名义之下，因此，重要的不是道德上的是非，而是心理上的爱恨。也许，如何消除恨，才是杜绝罪恶的首要问题。显然，只有爱可以否定恨并战胜恨，而恨不仅不能否定恨和战胜恨，还是滋生恨的土壤，所谓"因恨生恨"。世俗的爱恨情仇之所以轮回不已，其主要根源就是它们之间割不断的纠缠。 与３３根蜡烛形成鲜明对比的是马加爵被枪决后的骨灰至今还孤独清冷地在那里没人收留，包括他的父母。马加爵的父亲说："骨灰我们不要了，就当我们没有这个儿子，让一切都过去吧！"马父真的不想要儿子的骨灰吗？马加爵所在村子的村主任马建伦对三年后来采访马家的记者说："马建夫一家老实本分，善良处世，但马加爵这个事天下皆知，让全家背上恶名，再把骨灰弄回来，他们怕再被人指脊梁骨啊！"不单有普通人指脊梁骨，还有社会机构的歧视，甚至执行死刑也不通知家属。种种不光彩的压力都让这个父亲难以坦然地处理儿子的后事，以至于马加爵的姐姐在听到弟弟被枪决后绝望地恳求社会和人们："我们会接受事实，但却有一个请求：请善待我们！" 与马加爵家人的不幸遭遇相比，赵承熙的家人就幸运多了。因为在美国社会的大多数公众眼里，他们也是受害者，甚至是更大的受害者。当赵的姐姐代表家人公开道歉后，马上有人在网上回帖说："这不是你或你家人的错误。" 我在前面提到的那名波士顿大学的中国留学生还告诉我这样一件事。有一次她和一位美国教授谈起这次凶杀事件，脱口而出说这次凶杀让３２个家庭失去了亲人，这个教授马上纠正她说："不，是３３个家庭失去了亲人。"对凶手及其家人的宽容，在美国民众中已是一种普遍的社会精神。１９９１年在美的中国留学生卢刚开枪打死了５名教师和同学，最后自尽。事后第三天，受害人之一的副校长安妮女士的三位兄弟就发表了一封给卢刚家人的公开信，信上说："安妮相信爱和宽恕。我们也愿意在这一沉重的时刻向你们伸出我们的手，请接受我们的爱和祈祷......此刻如果有一个家庭正承受比我们更沉重的悲痛的话，那就是你们一家。我们想让你们知道，我们与你们分担这一份悲痛......" 一个经过了神圣之爱洗礼的社会，是一个共同以爱来承担罪恶与不幸的社会，是一个化解仇恨的社会，那里的人有福了；一个没有经过神圣之爱洗礼的社会，是一个爱恨情仇轮回不已的社会，在此人们不仅世世代代饱尝了世态之炎凉和仇恨的苦果，也混混噩噩地参与了这种炎凉与仇恨的铸造。唉，１９世纪德国诗人里尔克的诗句又在我的耳边响起来了："既不了知痛苦 ／ 亦不懂得爱 ／那在死中携我们而去的东西／还深深地藏匿。" 什么时候，那陌生的爱才会进入我们的灵魂，成为中断爱恨情仇轮回的巨大力量？ -- Original Source:南方周末 <a href="http://www.yuwenonline.com/Article/news/shrd/200706/4636.html">http://www.yuwenonline.com/Article/news/shrd/200706/4636.html<a/> Language A language of the resource zh-Hans Title A name given to the resource 余虹：有一种爱我们还很陌生 仇� 弗�尼亚�工大学枪击事件 悼念仪� 爱 ３３根蜡烛 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Na Mi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 张国庆(北京学者) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-24 Description An account of the resource http://www.sina.com.cn 2007年04月20日01:18 新京报 作者：张国庆 　　如果实施严格的枪支管理，守法公民的自卫能力将受到限制，而那些有意行凶的人则不受约束，因为他们总能设法弄到枪支，这样做是"防君子不防小人" 　　弗吉尼亚的校园惨案再次把美国的强制管制问题推上了风口浪尖。如人们所知，美国不仅是个军火大国，更是私人拥有枪支的"世界第一"。据美国司法部统计，美国现有近2.4亿支私人枪支，几乎人手一支。据统计，美国每年发生的枪杀事件约100多万起，每天都有近百人死于枪击事件，造成的直接经济损失在200亿美元以上。 　　宪法"第二修正案"规定所有的美国公民都有拥有武器的权利，如今成了枪支管制的最大"障碍"。从当初立法者的本意来看，是担心出现军事独裁统治或遭遇外国入侵，希望美国公民以此保护自己的生命财产安全。但开国者没有想到的是，他们所担心的独裁和外国入侵几乎没有出现过，枪支反倒成为了"杀人"的利器，其使用的非法性远远超过正义性。有学者甚至说，枪支对美国人来说，已不是双刃剑那么简单，而是成为了美国人进行自我侵略的凶器。 　　从民意上来看，大多数美国人是赞成加强枪支管理的，民意测验表明，有60%以上的美国人赞成严格管制枪支，但也有36%的人坚决反对，其中有相当一部分反对者的立足点就在宪法上。而更多的人则是出于安全的考虑。他们担心，如果实施严格的枪支管理，守法公民的自卫能力将受到限制，而那些有意行凶的人则不受约束，因为他们总能设法弄到枪支，这样做是"防君子不防小人"。 　　事实上，美国在枪支问题上已陷入了"囚徒的困境"。也就是说，大家如果都按照制宪者的本意做，都把枪支作为善意的工具，都不主动攻击对方，则没有人会有损失，反之，如果有一些人破坏了这种默契，主动使用武器攻击他人，则手中没有武器的人就会吃亏，因而在这种情况下，无论是支持还是反对持枪的人，都不会"从我做起"，扔掉武器，而各州也都在保持一种平衡和默契，不会独自在枪支问题上走得太远。 　　利益集团也是使美国深陷"囚徒困境"的重要力量。全国手枪联合会(NRA)是美国最大的枪支所有者协会，有多达300万个会员，很多都是实力惊人的枪支生产商和经销商。在2000年总统大选中，这些利益集团更是大手笔地花费近2000万美元支持小布什(支持枪支拥有)和其他支持枪支拥有权的国会议员进行竞选，以便为他们代言。不仅如此，一些军火集团也十分卖力地支持枪支和军火研发，在 伊拉克战争中扮演了强力支持者的角色。由于这些利益集团实力强劲，加之与现政府关系融洽，也使得枪支管制问题难有大的突破，这也使相当一部分选民对主张加强枪支管理的民主党总统候选人有所期待。 　　不过，即便是民主党能如愿入主白宫，要想使枪支大国走出"囚徒困境"也还是要有很长的路要走，两百年的习惯，又纠缠着太多利益，岂是说改就改的。而这也给其他国家处理相似问题提供了一个借鉴，那就是，凡事慎之在始，许多事情，放开容易，收口难。 -- Original Source:新京报 <a href="http://news.sina.com.cn/w/pl/2007-04-20/011812820971.shtml">http://news.sina.com.cn/w/pl/2007-04-20/011812820971.shtml<a/> Language A language of the resource zh-Hans Title A name given to the resource 张国庆：校园血案让枪支大国陷入囚徒困境 囚徒困境 校园血案 枪支大国 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Na Mi Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 徐琳 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-25 Description An account of the resource 2007年04月29日 16:15 发生在弗吉尼亚州理工大学的枪击至今已经超过一周了，但是凶手赵承辉精心策划的"枪手独白"记录却在他死后让这件已然令人震惊的惨剧再生波澜。美国国家广播公司(NBC)在4月18日的晚间新闻中以头条的形式播放了赵承辉的自白录像带的部分片断和照片，电视上一幕幕出现赵承辉充满愤恨的挑衅眼神和长篇大论的恶言秽语，仿佛是在往受害者家属的伤口上撒盐，又让毫无牵连的旁观者胆颤心寒。弗州理工大学凶杀案受到美国主流媒体铺天盖地式的广泛报道，不仅是枪手自白惹来批评，对枪手国籍的不当揣测和频繁讨论也挑起公众对美国媒体的报道尺度拿捏和公正性的质疑。 　　加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)媒体中心创办人、新闻系教授汤姆·普雷特(TomPlate)相信，在现在这个信息无边界的多媒体时代，象是赵承辉自白这样"炙手可热"的影像信息是不可能被埋藏很久的。不过他也直言，如果是他收到赵寄出的包裹，他会选择不将赵的自白影像播出，但是"它还是会通过别的管道曝光的"。 　　"NBC的确成了众矢之的。但是就算NBC不公布赵的自白影像，在今日的多媒体时代中，它迟早也是会流传出来的。"普雷特对《华盛顿观察》周刊表示道，"不管你是好人还是坏人(象赵承辉)，互联网都让人们变得有权力(empowering)。我们都能够留下&#39;影像遗产&#39; (videolegacy)，(这些&#39;遗产&#39;)也能被公诸于世，无论它是多么惊世骇俗。" 　　美国乔治·华盛顿大学(George WashingtonUniversity)新闻专业教授马克·费尔德斯坦(MarkFeldstein)则认为，赵承辉的自白录像带的确有其新闻价值，它本身也能让公众一窥美国历史上最惨枪击案的嫌犯心理。不过，费尔德斯坦对美国媒体不间断的"信息轰炸"也有话要说。 　　"(美国)媒体对弗州大学枪击案的报道，明显地过于耸动视听了(sensationalized)。"费尔德斯坦对《华盛顿观察》周刊直言道， "由于这起事件让人十分情绪激动(emotionallycharged)，媒体基于收视率的考虑，摆明了要从中挤钱(milkingit)，24小时不间断、地毯式地报道，好像全世界没有其他新闻发生一样。" 　　火上浇油的凶手自白 　　美国国家广播公司(NBC)在4月18日收到枪手赵承辉于枪杀案发生前拍摄的自白录像带和亲笔信，即刻通知弗州警方进行处理。但是对这个天外飞来的大独家新闻，NBC新闻部高层在再三斟酌后，还是于当日晚间新闻的黄金时段播放了部分画面、照片和赵犯的独白，并将更多的影像和照片刊登在其网站上。 NBC当家主播布莱恩·威廉斯(BrianWilliams)直言，他们认为赵犯的自白有助于公众和警方了解他行凶的动机，因此选择公开一小部分赵犯寄来的信息，而这的确是个困难的决定。 　　对于NBC面对的两难处境，乔治·华盛顿大学媒体和公众事务教授卡尔·斯德恩(CarlStern)认为，媒体还是有最佳的应对方案，但是NBC的处理方式却欠妥。 　　"NBC声称他们每一小时只会播出6分钟的赵承辉自白画面，认为自己的自律行为是公民美德的一大胜利，我怀疑我们甚至连2分钟的画面都不需要。"斯德恩对《华盛顿观察》周刊说道，"关键不在于播出时间多寡，而是在于名声。你不会希望播出这些画面之后，进一步满足枪手的自恋倾向 (narcissisticintention)和成名渴望，这么做可能鼓动其他有类似犯罪倾向的人起而效法。" 　　NBC的报道经过美国和全球主流媒体的传播，很快地霸占了美国媒体的头条版面。但在24小时后却也招来不少严厉批评。尤其对受害者家属来说，亲眼看到赵承辉手拿着枪指向镜头，或是拿把刀架在自己脖子上的画面，都犹如遭受第二次打击，万分难受。在指责声浪如潮水般涌入后，福克斯(FOX)新闻网即宣布不会再播出赵犯的自白画面，美国有线电视新闻网(CNN)和三大无线电视网也跟着表明，会严格限制对这些画面的使用。 　　美国雪城大学(SyracuseUniversity)大众传播学院研究生院副院长乔尔·开普蓝(JoelKaplan)认为，NBC不可能完全不播出赵犯的影像信息。毕竟，新闻媒体这个行业本来就是在向公众提供新闻信息，解释这个事件为何会发生。 　　"NBC对赵犯影像的处理已经是很不错、很小心了。他们也拿掉了比较令人生厌的画面。"开普蓝对《华盛顿观察》周刊说道，"我可以理解为何许多观众对此感到不满，但是媒体的决定并不是建立在这条新闻是不是惹人反感之上的。有些人指责新闻台不停地播放赵犯的画面，但是新闻台的考虑是多数人一天只看几分钟的新闻，那些觉得播得太频繁的人或许看了太多电视了！" 　　曾经在CNN工作过的费尔德斯坦直言，对于新闻频道来说，收视率重于一切，尤其像有线新闻网必须绞尽脑汁填满24小时的播放窗口，平时的收视率都很低，只有大事件发生时才会冲高。毫无疑问的是，新闻台选择不断地播放有关弗州理工大学枪击案的新闻，为的不是别的，就是为了营利(profit)。 　　根据雪城大学传播专业助理教授布莱德·葛莱姆(BradGorham)的观点，虽然相信赵承辉的自白有新闻价值，尤其是在人们对赵犯的下手动机还不明了时，这些第一手资料更加珍贵，但是NBC等媒体播放赵犯的自白影像却是跨越了媒体的自律底线了。 　　葛莱姆说，从大众传播的角度看，当今世界的新闻播报虽然是一天24小时不间断，但是真正有价值的报道或许仅占一个小时。 　　"媒体虽然意在通过这些自白向观众表示，赵犯是多么疯狂的一个人，但是播放赵犯自白的同时却也美化了(glorify)他的行为。"葛莱姆对《华盛顿观察》周刊说，"已经有研究表明，有关这种枪击事件的报道和事发后2到5天内引起的抄袭事件(copycat)是有关联的。例如弗州理工大学枪击案发生后，美国就有多所学校接到恐吓电话而不得不关闭校园。像NBC那样在接获赵犯的包裹当天便大幅度地将其中的信息曝光，实属不妥。"斯德恩则强调，媒体还是能在不鼓动潜在凶手的前提下，满足公众知的权利。"NBC一开始应该做的是，仅使用凶手的一张照片，但附注他的自白文字，或是以记者旁白的方式重新叙述凶手的自白。如此既能让大众了解赵承辉的犯罪心态，也剥夺了凶手意图一举成名的满足感。"1 　　 误报枪手为中国人，美媒应道歉？ 　　在弗州理工大学枪击案爆发后，由于警方还在确认已死枪手的身份，案发后24小时内都没有公布枪手的姓名和背景，引发了美国媒体热烈的揣测，小道消息也跟着散播。《芝加哥太阳报》(ChicagoSun-Times)专栏作家麦克·斯尼德(MichaelSneed)抢先在其专栏中"揭发"凶手为 "25岁、从中国来的留学生"，其他新闻媒体，包括微软国家新闻网(MSNBC)及美国广播公司(ABC)都曾采用这则传闻。福克斯新闻电视台 (FoxNews)记者吉拉尔德·李维拉(GeraldoRivera)也在4月16日的福克斯晚间新闻节目中引述他在"警界的消息来源"的话指称凶手是 "从中国来的交换学生"。种种未经证实的传言引起在美国的中国留学生及华人社群的广泛骚动，冲击波甚至远达太平洋的另一边。 　　4月17日上午，弗州理工大学的警方终于公开表示凶手为"23岁的、居住在美国的外侨(residentalien)、韩国人赵承辉"。再查询《芝加哥太阳报》的网站，斯尼德那篇引发轩然大波的专栏文章已经不复存在。对于凶手身份的满天流言虽然就此打住，但美国媒体针对凶嫌国籍的报道却引发后续效应。美国各界的首要质疑是，那些"抢跑"的新闻媒体误报凶手为中国留学生，该不该为其不当的指控做出道歉？ 　　"我认为(错报凶犯为中国人的美国媒体)应该要道歉。"普雷特对《华盛顿观察》周刊直截了当地说，"这就象当年俄克拉荷马市发生爆炸案时，(美国)媒体指称凶手是&#39;中东人模样&#39;(MiddleEastlooking)一样。至少，CNN当年有这个雅量，为错误报道做出道歉。" 　　发生在1996年4月19日的俄克拉荷马市联邦大楼爆炸案共夺走168条人命，也曾一度引起美国遭到中东恐怖分子攻击的恐慌，但事后证实，凶手为同情反政府武装组织的美国白人提默西·麦克维(TimothyMcVeigh)。 　　开普蓝也表示，在未经证实的情况下公布枪手国籍，无疑是"不负责任到了极点"(BORDER=&#39;1&#39; Heightofirresponsibility)。更糟糕的是，《芝加哥太阳报》的编辑在事后竟然为斯尼德做出辩护，更是让人摇头。葛莱姆也强调，媒体应当公开赔不是。 　　"我认为媒体应该道歉，尤其是这样的报道有可能带来严重后果。若是有些不负责任的人对中国移民或中国餐馆做出报复举动，后果不堪设想。但是你若是想要福克斯等主流媒体致歉，我只能祝你好运了，"葛莱姆有点无奈地对《华盛顿观察》周刊说，暗示美国媒体对中国人致歉的可能性很小。 　　然而，费尔德斯坦则不把事情看得如此严重。"&#39;凶手是中国人&#39;这个描述本身并不令人激愤(inflammatory)，只能说这和事实不符 (factualerror)，不象&#39;凶手是个恋童癖&#39;这样本身就有负面意义的说法。因此，《芝加哥太阳报》等媒体应该出面更正他们的错误，但无需道歉，"费尔德斯坦如此说道。 　　追根究底，美国媒体为了抢收视率而"抢跑"新闻，是导致这次集体误报的罪魁祸首。葛莱姆就说，今日的媒体行业竞争激烈，新闻制作人辛苦地扛着收视压力，他们拼了命想成为发出抢先报道(scoop)的新闻台，同时也不能漏报别人已经先一步发布的消息，因此出现了许多媒体不经独立核实，便引述别家媒体报道的现象。"我认为报道别家新闻台已经抢先报道过的新闻并不是好的新闻从业心态。"葛莱姆说，"我知道新闻记者有报得正确又报得快的压力，但是我很担心现在的记者只注重后者了。"2 　　 报道凶手国籍涉种族歧视？ 　　当凶犯为赵承辉的消息被警方确认并公布后，各大媒体对赵犯的家世背景展开了深入的追踪报道，不仅赵犯在弗吉尼亚州靠近华盛顿近郊的家被媒体记者盯上，在他家门外徘徊的国际媒体一度高达50余人，连赵承辉小时候在韩国的住所都成了记者的报道焦点。媒体时不时提到赵承辉的韩国背景，不少韩国移民更是忧心赵犯的作为将带来暴力反应。普雷特就认为，媒体提及赵承辉为韩国人不但同案情无关，更是带有种族歧视的做法。 　　"试图将一个人的行为完全建立在他/她的种族背景上，就是种族歧视(racism)的根本表现。"普雷特指出，"凶手最后结束了自己的生命，显然他本人有很严重的心理问题。但是他在韩国出生、在美国长大的这个事实，与本案的案情并不是十分相关。" 　　普雷特也进一步说，"我相信美国媒体并不是在大敲&#39;反韩&#39;战鼓，好像希望能借此启动种族迫害的运动一般。只是很多人毫无顾忌地假设韩国因素和疯狂的谋杀两者之间有显著的关联，"这显然是很让普雷特感到不以为然的。他接连在加大洛杉矶分校的个人专栏上以"潘基文也是韩国人"和"我所知道的不愤怒的韩国人"为题，提醒媒体强调赵承辉的韩国血统是和枪击案毫无关联的。 　　亚裔美国新闻工作者协会(Asian AmericanJournalistsAssociation，即AAJA)在4月16日和17日接连发出对媒体的咨询告示，声明"部分新闻媒体对赵承辉是韩国移民的显著报道对案情并没有提供任何深入了解，也毫无相关。"AAJA的副执行长珍妮斯·李(JaniceLee)表示，他们对媒体发布建言的目的在于敦促媒体慎重地考虑在何时、以何种方式提到赵嫌的种族背景。 　　"大多数的新闻机构都已经有关于使用种族背景作为个人识别因素的政策，为的是新闻报道的公平和正确，我们的建议在于提醒媒体参考这些既有的政策。"李对《华盛顿那观察》周刊表示道，"如果报道提及赵犯的种族是对他其他背景报道的一部分，那它也许是相关的；如果种族只是用作一个形容词来描述他这个人--例如&#39;韩裔美人的枪手&#39;，那么我们希望新闻媒体扪心自问：这么做对韩裔美人社群来说，公平吗？" 　　针对美国媒体对赵承辉的韩国背景的报道，《华盛顿观察》周刊走访的多数专家还是表示肯定之意。他们一致强调，赵承辉是韩国移民是事实，多数媒体也都仅局限于在他个人背景的描述中提及这个事实，而没有将他枪杀32名同窗的极端行为与他的韩国血统画上等号。 　　"我认为媒体大多将焦点放在赵承辉个人身上，并没有将他的行为与韩国人扯上关系。"葛莱姆说道，"尤其是美国人对亚洲移民的刻板印象 (stereotype)一般围绕在他们身为&#39;模范少数民族&#39;(modelminority)这一点上。赵承辉与众不同的经历本身就是新闻报道的题材。" 　　斯德恩也说，媒体对赵承辉的韩国背景处理得宜，也符合期待，并没有任何过分之处。 　　"要知道，我们美国人都是从其它国家来的移民。当这样的事件发生后，我们都会想尽可能地知道凶犯的背景，但是没有任何人暗示他在亚洲出生导致他最后犯下此案。"斯德恩对《华盛顿观察》周刊表示道，"就算赵承辉是在美国出生，他的父母同样也会是故事的主角。他们脱离韩国的贫困生活移民到美国，经营自己的小生意，其中一个小孩表现十分优异，从普林斯顿大学毕业。他们家庭本身就是美国梦的缩影(epitomizetheAmerican dream)，不幸的是故事最后有个恶梦般的结局。"(徐琳 /《华盛顿观察》周刊2007年第15期)3（来源：华盛顿观察） -- Original source:《华盛顿观察》 <a href="http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gjss/gdxw/200704/29/t20070429_11219921.shtml">http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gjss/gdxw/200704/29/t20070429_11219921.shtml<a/> Language A language of the resource zh-Hans Title A name given to the resource 美弗吉尼亚理工大学枪击案挑起美国媒体道德之争 公正性 国� 弗�尼亚�工大学 媒体�德 报�尺度 枪击案 ��歧视 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brent Jesiek Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource a4g / Point Five Blog Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-05-25 Description An account of the resource By a4g Point Five Staff Writer @ 4:51 pm April 16, 2007 -- Fears Raised That Details Of Shooting Might Be Released Into Context-Free Void -- A massacre at Virginia Tech took the lives of 32 on Monday. But as the sun set, and sketchy details slowly emerged on what was still a largely unclear series of events, an even greater tragedy began to reveal itself, as a few irresponsible Americans had not yet drawn broad life lessons from the atrocity. "We&#39;ve got scores of kids dead or wounded," said one police officer on the scene, "and there&#39;s folks out there who have the gall to tell me they haven&#39;t decided what this teaches us about America? Sometimes I wonder if I even recognize this country anymore." While most media reports wisely began to correlate the shootings almost immediately to pre-packaged positions on gun control and video game violence, few ordinary citizens have the resources of a major television network to so neatly encapsulate the horrorâ��- and the life lessonsâ�� of the shooting spree into an easily digestible sound bite. This worries analyst Greg Collier, who warned that such individuals were basically "on their own", and may find themselves without a support system when the media machine moves onto the next big story sometime Wednesday or Thursday. "Listen, if you&#39;re big on Sudden Jihad Syndrome, just for example," said Collier, "you&#39;ve got a window of basically six to twelve hours before they identify the shooter. So what are you waiting for? If you don&#39;t take your shot against Islam now, and this guy turns out not to be a diabolical Muslim convertâ��- but just some ordinary shmuck with some adjustment problemsâ��- you&#39;re out of the discussion, irrelevant." He said the same devastating metric applied to race hustlers, white supremacists, militant feminists, conspiracy theorists, and Bill Maher. "If you haven&#39;t drawn your conclusions by nightfall, you&#39;re going to be trampled by tomorrow&#39;s news cycle. I mean, imagine if right now you were still pondering the implications of the Imus firing, leisurely asking yourself questions about the proper response to boorish behavior in a society that values free speech. Hello? Imus is gone, baby. Al Sharpton already solved racial inequality last week. We&#39;re on school shootings now. We&#39;ve got a country to save, people." Even worse, mental health professionals feel that important "closure" may not occur in those who are unwilling to quickly find a way to make sense of the murders. "As humans, we need to make sense of the senseless," said Dr. Jane Krempsky, a grief counselor, television commentator, and frequent expert witness in civil trials. "We need to exert our control over those things that seem uncontrollable, in order to feel safe once again. Some people just don&#39;t appreciate that the clock is ticking." Krempsky said the issues involved in this shooting became plain almost the instant that the widely conflicting reports hit the wires, and included increased gun control, liberalized concealed carry, the effects of the Iraq war, America&#39;s obsession with violence, the feminization of the Western male, and the prevalence of pre-marital sex and binge drinking on campus. As one blogger noted in an iconic post near the end of the day: "Virginia who? Oh yeah... I remember that. Horrible tragedy. That was the one caused by global warming, right?" -- Original Source: <a href="http://pointfiveblog.com/index.php/2007/04/1260">http://pointfiveblog.com/index.php/2007/04/1260</a> Licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License</a>. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 Title A name given to the resource Tragedy In Virginia As Some Fail To Draw Conclusions From VTech Massacre blog commentary satire Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brent Jesiek Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aaron Mannes Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-05-10 Description An account of the resource By Aaron Mannes While the Virginia Tech tragedy has spawned the predictable media frenzy, there has - so far - been an admirable lack of speculation about the killer, his motives, or what this event says about American society. Leftist philosopher Herbert Marcuse once observed, "Not every problem someone has with his girlfriend is necessarily due to the capitalist mode of production." Humans are complicated and there are dark places in the human soul that will emerge. Sometimes ideologies and causes will spark these evil inclinations. But they exist and have emerged in every time and place. Knowing that tragedies are part of the human experience - whether from natural or man-made causes - it is essential to take proper steps to ameliorate their impact. Dwight Eisenhower once observed, "Plans are nothing; planning is everything." Predicting the exact shape of the next tragedy is rarely possible. But the processes of preparing for some kinds of disasters and attacks will help develop the systems and habits necessary to respond to whatever fate throws. Lives were saved on 9/11 because some WTC tenants had consistently practiced evacuation techniques in the wake of the 1993 bombing. University Presidents are akin to mayors. Universities are attractive targets and favorable locations for a variety of adverse events (violent attacks, disease outbreaks, criminal activity, and mass disturbances.) Undoubtedly yesterday&#39;s tragedy will increase interest in disaster planning at universities. One factor that should become central to planning is the ubiquity of mobile communications technology. Students texted each other to stay abreast of events and of course, there is the now famous celphone video. Properly harnessed this technology could have been an invaluable resource - not only for informing the students and public about evolving events - but for helping authorities locate the injured and track the killer&#39;s movements. This is the age of the network, and the ability of people to quickly form networks and exchange information is an integral part of disaster response and mitigation. In the wake of Katrina, evacuees formed online communities to support each other emotionally and also through practical measures. We have seen the bad guys (terrorists and criminals) and commercial interests make creative use of communications technology to organize internally and get their message out externally. There is no reason the good guys can&#39;t do the same. April 17, 2007 11:08 AM Original Source: Counterterrorism Blog <a href="http://counterterrorismblog.org/2007/04/virginia_tech_tragedy_human_na.php">http://counterterrorismblog.org/2007/04/virginia_tech_tragedy_human_na.php</a> Creative Commons License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.5/">Attribution-NoDerivs 2.5</a> Language A language of the resource eng Title A name given to the resource Virginia Tech Tragedy: Human Nature & Networks blog commentary Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sara Hood Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aaron Schmidt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-07-31 Description An account of the resource Letters to the Editor The forest for the trees Tragedy struck at Virginia Tech Monday. Unfortunately, the sadness of events is not only in the actions themselves, but also in the reactions. I want to assert that we still need to keep an eye on the forest while inspecting the trees. Reporter after reporter fired questions, and I use the term fired here for a reason, at Virginia Tech Police Chief Flinchum, about security policy. The officer looked visibly shaken, dismayed, saddened and reporters piled on frustration as he tried to deal with the condescending questions from the gallery. Now, let&#39;s be clear. Was the reaction as good as it could have been? Of course not. Was it even good? It doesn&#39;t appear that it was. But let me say this. I&#39;ll bet that if you poll anyone who went to college after1999 (Columbine), you&#39;ll find that over 85 percent of the students have or had no idea of any kind of "lockdown policy." As a recent University graduate, I can&#39;t even tell you what the school&#39;s hurricane policy is. But here is where we&#39;re missing the point yet again. The problem here isn&#39;t campussecurity. Chief Flinchum didn&#39;t kill anyone. The Virginia Tech police didn&#39;t harm anyone. The problem yet again is gun control. As we approach the eight year anniversary of the tragedy at Columbine, what has happened since? To truncate the depressingly long list of school shootings, I&#39;ll just focus on Virginia colleges. In 2002, the Appalachian School of Law was the site of a tragedy where a dean and fellow student were killed by a student. Two of these shootings in five years in the same state at college campuses exemplifies the problem we&#39;re facing as a nation. So what&#39;s the real problem here? Is it security? Is it emergency response? Of course not. If people want to commit crimes, people will commit crimes. The problem is that when they want to commit these crimes, access to weapons with which to commit these crimes is tragic. What&#39;s the answer? If we continue missing the forest for these trees, we&#39;ll never get to the real problem. Aaron Schmidt CLASS 2005 -- Original Source:<a href=http://www.cavalierdaily.com/letters.asp?pid=1583>The Cavalier Daily - April 18, 2007</a> Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Cavalier Daily Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Meggie Bonner <meggiebonner@gmail.com> Title A name given to the resource The forest for the trees gun control media response uva Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kacey Beddoes Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aaron Steiner Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-02-25 Description An account of the resource ND students directly affected by shootings through ties to VT Aaron Steiner Issue date: 4/17/07 Section: News Virginia Tech is more than 500 miles from Notre Dame, but the effects of what reports call the deadliest shooting rampage in U.S. history have been felt here on campus. A lone gunman shot and killed more than 30 people and injured dozens more on the Blacksburg, Va., campus before committing suicide Monday, according to Associated Press reports. Officials told AP that the gunman killed two people in a dormitory approximately two hours before staging a separate attack on a classroom building. Nearly 30 people were estimated to have been injured, according to area hospital officials, CNN reported. The Notre Dame community is saddened by the tragedy, Assistant Vice President of News and Information Dennis Brown said Monday. "Our prayers go out to any people affected," Brown said. Notre Dame will hold a memorial Mass for the victims tonight at 10 at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. Brown noted that members of the administration know people at Virginia Tech and said the University sends its support and prayers. Students reported hearing the news through various sources throughout the day Monday, with some hearing from friends and family directly tied to Virginia Tech. Graduate student Patrick LaFratta, a 2005 Virginia Tech alumnus who said one of his friends had died in the shootings, said he had been in contact with friends from the school throughout the day by phone and online. LaFratta said he first heard the news of the shootings from his girlfriend, a Virginia Tech alumna, around 10 a.m. LaFratta confirmed that his girlfriend&#39;s sister, a current Virginia Tech student, was safe, as well as the safety of several close friends. "When I first heard, they were reporting there was only one death," LaFratta said. "I thought, &#39;It&#39;s a really sad event and I want to know what is going on.&#39;" Soon, the news coverage took a personal tone. LaFratta said he eventually heard that one acquaintance had been killed in the first incident in the dorm. By Monday night, LaFratta said he had seen pictures on television of his slain friend. He said he knew the friend from Virginia Tech&#39;s marching band, where LaFratta played trumpet. Other students with friends at the school expressed their concern Monday afternoon. Sophomore Amelia Gillespie heard the news from her roommate before going to class Monday morning. "I was in shock. I have a couple of friends that go there, and I&#39;m still waiting to hear back from them," Gillespie said. "I tried to call them, but they haven&#39;t called back. I think they&#39;re okay, because I&#39;ve heard from other friends." Freshman Tracy Jennings also has friends at Virginia Tech. "One of my friends called me around 2 p.m.," said Jennings, who is from Richmond, Va. The friend who initially called Jennings was not a student there, but the freshman received calls from Virginia Tech students shortly thereafter. "As soon as one friend called, another did, and more," Jennings said. The students couldn&#39;t give many details about the incident, she said. "All [they] said was that there was a shooting ... and at least 20 kids had been killed and at least 20 injured," she said. "As far as I&#39;ve heard, everyone I know is OK." Jennings said she couldn&#39;t contact some of her friends there Monday afternoon because phone lines were busy. Monica Tarnawski, a sophomore, said she heard here from a friend who attends Virginia Tech Monday afternoon through the social networking Web site Facebook. "She actually composed a note that said &#39;I&#39;m fine,&#39; and we all saw it," Tarnawski said. Like Tarnawski, Jennings and Gillespie, LaFratta said that initially, all reports about his friends had been positive - until later Monday evening, when he first heard his friend had been killed. LaFratta was watching television news coverage of the shooting when he learned there were more deaths that initially reported. "At around 12:15 p.m. or so ... all of a sudden, one of the three [channels] reported that there were at least 20 dead," LaFratta said. "I just really hoped it was a mistake." LaFratta said he soon realized the situation was much more complex than the initial single death, and he said he then felt a "tremendous amount of sorrow." LaFratta took classes in the academic building where the majority of the deaths occurred. "A few years ago, I was there," LaFratta said. "It hits home - these things really do happen." LaFratta said it was hard to imagine a scare on Virginia Tech&#39;s campus last year while a convict was loose in the area. This tragedy, he said, is even harder to picture. "The magnitude of the event is just so overwhelming," LaFratta said. LaFratta said he would have never predicted anything like this at a campus he described as "exceptionally peaceful." Students at Notre Dame said they feel safe on campus but recognize that an event like Monday&#39;s could happen at anywhere, Notre Dame included. "Things like that, especially on television - it seems so far away ... [but] I think it could happen anywhere," said Chris Heckett, a visiting graduate student. "To think otherwise would probably be thoughtless." Erin Smith, a senior, echoed Heckett&#39;s thoughts. "It makes you realize that it could happen anywhere, on any college campus," she said. "It kind of makes you think about the security here at Notre Dame, or at any college campus." Brown declined to comment on Notre Dame&#39;s policies or crisis management plans for any type of violent tragedy like the one Monday morning. But Smith said she has never felt anxious about security at Notre Dame. "I&#39;ve never felt unsafe at Notre Dame," Smith said. Senior Paul Mitchell agreed. "I still feel as safe here as anywhere," Mitchell said, stating, however, that his notions of safety do not make Notre Dame exempt from violence like Monday&#39;s tragedy. Virginia Tech, with an enrollment of more than 25,000, is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains, 160 miles west of Richmond, Va. Jennings said Virginia Tech&#39;s location as a college town - not part of a large urban area - makes her think about Notre Dame&#39;s similar setting. "Honestly, Tech ... is in the middle of nowhere - and it seems kind of like South Bend, which is a scary thought, being here. It&#39;s a pretty enclosed campus, like here," she said. Gillespie said the incident "kind of just puts things into perspective." "It makes me look outside the [Notre Dame] bubble a little bit," she said. "It&#39;s a small world." Sophomore Katie Bergerow said the tragedy caused her and her roommates to consider their safety in the residence halls. "We were talking about how we leave our door unlocked," Bergerow said. They probably wouldn&#39;t change that behavior, she said, but the tragedy "really shows that something like this could happen." Students are also lucky to have a variety of support resources available, said Gaotam Shewakramani, a Notre Dame alumnus visiting campus. He said such resources could help avert a violent crisis, especially those available to students who are struggling emotionally. "I think there are a lot of resources for those who are having difficulties," Shewakramani said. "I would be surprised if someone [who is struggling] wouldn&#39;t be reached out to." Still, Tarnawski said, it&#39;s important to remember that you can&#39;t know what people are feeling. "You never know what people are going through inside," Tarnawski said. "Someone after my English class was like, &#39;You know, I just wonder what was going on in that person&#39;s life that caused them to snap.&#39;" That same thought crossed Mitchell&#39;s mind as well. "My first question was why - why would someone do that, just asking questions to the psychology of that and what enables that sort of violence," Mitchell said. Monday&#39;s massacre will go down as the deadliest campus shooting in national history. Previously, the largest was a rampage that took place in 1966 at the University of Texas at Austin, where 16 people were killed before police shot the gunman to death. As the facts of yesterday&#39;s tragedy are investigated, some students say while there is little they can do, they can send their prayers and support. "Right now, I&#39;m here to offer any type of support I can, get involved, bring any type of awareness," Gillespie said. LaFratta said he has done "a lot of praying" and will continue to do so. "My first reaction is to pray a lot - my thoughts go out to all those families," LaFratta said. LaFratta said he plans to attend tonight&#39;s memorial Mass. -- Original Source: <a href="http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2007/04/17/News/Campus.Reacts.To.Virginia.Tech.Massacre-2845947.shtml">http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2007/04/17/News/Campus.Reacts.To.Virginia.Tech.Massacre-2845947.shtml</a> <a href="http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2007/04/17/News/Campus.Reacts.To.Virginia.Tech.Massacre-2845947-page2.shtml">http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2007/04/17/News/Campus.Reacts.To.Virginia.Tech.Massacre-2845947-page2.shtml</a> <a href="http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2007/04/17/News/Campus.Reacts.To.Virginia.Tech.Massacre-2845947-page3.shtml">http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2007/04/17/News/Campus.Reacts.To.Virginia.Tech.Massacre-2845947-page3.shtml</a> <a href="http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2007/04/17/News/Campus.Reacts.To.Virginia.Tech.Massacre-2845947-page4.shtml">http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2007/04/17/News/Campus.Reacts.To.Virginia.Tech.Massacre-2845947-page4.shtml</a> Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Christopher Hine <chine@nd.edu> Title A name given to the resource Campus reacts to Virginia Tech massacre campus security facebook memorial notre dame prayers safety student reactions https://april16archive.org/files/original/100_0676_c6d5d9572d.JPG null Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-02-14 Omeka Legacy File The metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `files` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka files. This set may be deprecated in future versions. Capture Date 2008-02-14 09:45:44 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adam Parker Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adam Parker Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-02-14 Description An account of the resource Taken almost 10 months after the tragedy, the memorial still stands as a symbol of hope. Language A language of the resource eng Title A name given to the resource Still Strong intermedia memorial memorial Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sara Hood Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adam Rizzieri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-24 Description An account of the resource By:Adam Rizzieri Posted: 4/20/07 It is no mystery that the tragedy of April 16 at Virginia Tech stands out as the deadliest student-perpetrated school shooting in the history of the United States. It goes without saying that an immediate sense of shock spread across the nation as we learned of the tragedy unfolding from networks like CNN and Fox News. Among the 32 innocent lives that perished on a day that will be forever engraved into the memory of our nation was a Holocaust survivor, a few well-established professors and several bright minds who had a beautiful future stolen from them. With this tragedy, the debates about gun control and explicit video games and music are likely to re-emerge, just as they did after the events at Columbine and other instances where schools have fallen victim to this societal plague. Are guns too easy to obtain, and do violent music and video games truly desensitize people to the point where it&#39;s easy to take a human life? These are questions that have emerged in the past; however, in this case I feel that they are not what need to be asked. The shooter at Virginia Tech, Cho Seung-Hiu, was a 23-year-old who had a history of violence and irrational behavior. Before his murderous rampage, it should be noted that he was involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital, was the subject of two police reports in 2005 for stalking, and was known among the Virginia Tech faculty as "intimidating." In fact, the chairman of the English Department, Dr. Lucinda Roy, took his dark poetry to campus police after his professor, Nikki Giovanni, expressed her intentions to quit if he wasn&#39;t removed from her class. Cho wasn&#39;t your typical student, and though I&#39;m not a psychiatrist, I think it&#39;s safe to say that he didn&#39;t kill his peers because of music from Marilyn Manson or "shoot &#39;em up" video games. This kid was a product of psychology and his interpretation of personal grievances. It is very likely, and almost obvious, that he suffered from some type of antisocial personality disorder. If any of you have seen the video he mailed to NBC in between his first and second round of attacks, his rambling of anger toward rich kids and hedonism serves as a tool for analysis on his psychological state. Phrases like "you decided to spill my blood" and "you forced me into a corner" show that Cho likely felt powerless and believed murder was the solution to his grievances. After a collegiate history of dark poetry and disturbing writings, he likely began to fixate on murder as a solution to regaining control of his problems. Despite the possibility that he felt powerless or whatever else his grievances might have been, this guy is not the victim he thought he was. Metaphorically speaking, Cho was a "cry baby" that threw the worst temper tantrum imaginable. The accessibility to guns and violence that exists in some video games is not what took the lives of the 32 innocent people. It&#39;s not guns that kill people; rather, it&#39;s people who kill people with guns (and knives, ropes and bats). Cho had no felony convictions, and thus was allowed to legally purchase a 9 mm Glock five weeks before these terrible killings. The reason I say gun control is not an issue in this case is simple. A person who is determined to shoot someone will find a way to obtain a weapon legally or illegally. The law doesn&#39;t stop law-breakers from breaking the law; it simply affects those who abide it. That is, a criminal will continue to break the law while a law-abiding citizen will adhere to the constraint of law. Therefore, any change in gun control is irrelevant to criminals both present and future. So when left with this situation, what questions should be asked? Was this the result of a failure in parenting? Perhaps people ignored an obviously disturbed individual who could have been treated by a psychiatric professional. There is no justification for the taking of innocent lives, but perhaps as a community of scholars we should ask ourselves, do we ignore the weird, quiet kid in class? -- Original Source:<a href=http://media.www.smudailycampus.com/media/storage/paper949/news/2007/04/20/Opinion/416-A.Product.Of.Psychology.Or.Gun.Control-2870609.shtml>SMU Daily Campus - April 20, 2007</a> Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource "Norris, Mark William" <mnorris@mail.smu.edu> Title A name given to the resource 4/16: A product of psychology or gun control? southern methodist university Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brent Jesiek Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adam Roberts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-05-29 Description An account of the resource Adam Roberts / <a href="http://themetropolistimes.blogspirit.com/">The Metropolis Times</a> (Blog) Tuesday, April 17, 2007 <span style="font-style: italic">"There is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre." - Kurt Vonnegut</span> <b>I don&#39;t really want to write this blog.</b> I wanted to just take a few days off and give condolences to the victims at Virginia Tech. But before the bodies have even been identified, the media has already started playing the blame game. Apparently, if we had banned Hollywood, Nintendo and guns, this wouldn&#39;t have happened. I feel compelled to counter their bullshit. It makes me very angry <a href="http://www.beliefnet.com/story/87/story_8770_1.html" >when moralists so brazenly exploit</a> a tragedy like this. I can&#39;t do anything about the murders, I can&#39;t stop people from trivializing deaths by turning them into moral panics, but maybe if I channel my anger into blogging, I can convince at least a few readers to pause before surrendering freedoms. <b>Blaming guns is just stupid.</b> Guns were already banned on campus. The gun ban didn&#39;t work. Last year, the State of Virginia dismissed a bill that would have allowed law-abiding students with a concealed-carry permit to bring their guns on campus, just as they are allowed to bring them anywhere else in the state. It was struck down. Its insensitive to say, but if just one of those hundreds of students had a single gun, more people would be alive today. <a href="http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/wb/xp-50658"><span style="font-style: italic">"Virginia Tech spokesman Larry Hincker was happy to hear the bill was defeated. &#39;I&#39;m sure the university community is appreciative of the General Assembly&#39;s actions because this will help parents, students, faculty and visitors feel safe on our campus.&#39;"</span></a> <b>CNN Headline Prime kept showing movie posters for <span style="font-style: italic">Grindhouse</span></b> while Nancy Grace&#39;s substitute was blaming media violence. Apparently, <a href="http://themetropolistimes.blogspirit.com/archive/2007/04/07/review-grindhouse.html">the Tarrantino/Rodriguez double-feature</a> is going to be turned into <a href="http://www.revisionisthistory.org/matrix.html">the next <span style="font-style: italic">Matrix</span></a> by the media. (Marilyn Manson-blaming is out of style) I&#39;ve already heard the <a href="http://kotaku.com/gaming/feature/columbine-survivor-talks-about-columbine-rpg-171966.php">Super Columbine RPG</a> referenced on both Fox News and CNN Headline News, even though there is absolutely no reason to suggest that the killer even knew about the game, and the &#39;game&#39; is an anti-violent interactive documentary. I remember coming home from seeing <span style="font-style: italic">Grindhouse</span> with a bunch of friends, and talking about how awesome the car battles were. We passed a real-life wreck on the freeway - the tone immediately changed and we all expressed sadness and hoped that no one was killed. There was no desensitization. It is true that a small number of criticized studies have found links between exposure to media violence and aggression, especially in children. However, there has never been a study that showed exposure to media violence changed people into the type that commit real-life violent crimes. In fact, <a href="http://themetropolistimes.blogspirit.com/archive/2006/05/12/vlog-video-games-and-violence.html">there is probably a cathartic effect</a> - violence in video games helps quell natural violent tendencies. <b>Nevertheless, violence in the media can sometimes inspire real-life violence. Its called the "Copycat Effect."</b> 19th Century terrorists called it "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed">Propaganda of the Deed</a>," modern terrorist fighters call it "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4GW">fourth generation warfare</a>." Simply put, alienated young male sees an example of how a violent death made someone infamous and important. Alienated young male is evil, depressed and angry enough to place his own lust for importance over his own life and the lives of others. So alienated young male becomes an anarchist, neo-Nazi or Mujahideen and plots a crime that he&#39;s sure will get him attention in the newspapers. Historical examples are well-documented. Read <a href="http://hammernews.com/copycateffect.htm">Michael Hammerschlag&#39;s essay</a>. "<i style="font-style: italic">The 1774 Goethe book</i> The Sorrows of Young Werther <span style="font-style: italic">caused so many copycat suicides of lovelorn young men who dressed alike and shot themselves at the same time at their writing desk- straight from the story- that it was banned in Germany, Italy and Denmark</span>." Others include Shakespeare&#39;s <span style="font-style: italic">Romeo &amp; Juliet</span>, Stephen King&#39;s novel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_%2528novel%2529"><span style="font-style: italic">Rage</span></a>, Scorsese&#39;s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hinckley%252C_Jr.#Obsession_with_Jodie_Foster"><span style="font-style: italic">Taxi Driver</span></a> and, more than any other, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapruder_film">Zapruder film</a>. We don&#39;t know anything about the shooter yet, but it seems obvious that this was a Columbine-copycat. At this time every year, somewhere in the country, kids get caught planning a Columbine-style attack. This Virginia Tech terrorist was probably trying to outdo the Columbine murderers. <b>The Columbine massacre occurred on April 20th - this Friday</b>. Although this is also Hitler&#39;s birthday, the murderers&#39; videos indicate that the attack was originally scheduled for April 19th - the same day at the Oklahoma City attack, which, according to their videos, the Columbine terrorists hoped to outdo. The Oklahoma City bombing of course, was scheduled for April 19th in order to avenge Janet Reno&#39;s misdeeds in the Waco disaster. The shooter&#39;s actions demonstrate advance planning. He didn&#39;t get spurned by his girlfriend and suddenly decide to go on a rampage - although a domestic dispute could have pushed the massacre up a few days. This is all just speculation. If the terrorist turns out to be an exchange student from overseas, he might not have been able to appreciate the significance of Columbine in our generation&#39;s psyche, and the timing could be coincidental. People need someone to blame - the police, Hollywood, the NRA, our "culture of violence" - anyone.</b> It is almost incomprehensible that tragedies of this magnitude can happen for no good reason at all. -- Original Source: <a href="http://themetropolistimes.blogspirit.com/free_markets/">http://themetropolistimes.blogspirit.com/free_markets/</a> Licensed under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0</a>. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Title A name given to the resource Blame Game and The Ghosts of Waco blog commentary media violence waco Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Sara AA Hood Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Adam Templeton Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-09-03 Description An account of the resource By: Adam Templeton Posted: 4/26/07 The recent shootings at Virginia Tech have caused many to worry about a backlash against South Korean students. However, Korean students at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln say acts of discrimination have not occurred. And they hope it stays that way. "It hasn&#39;t been a problem," said Min Suk Shin, a business management graduate student and a member of the Korean Student Association. "Maybe in larger cities with larger Korean communities, but not here." Other students feel the actions of Cho Seung-Hui, a student from South Korea who committed the shootings, should not represent the South Korean community or the country itself. They also agree that Seung-Hui was unstable and burdened with psychological issues. "The first time I heard the news, it was surreal, that he was a South Korean-born student," said Sung Tae Kim, who is also a management graduate student and KSA member. "I felt some sort of connection," he said. "But, nothing&#39;s really connected; he had a personal problem." Shin said he felt a connection to the Virginia Tech tragedy "as a human being, a college student and as a Korean" but said Seung-Hui is not and should not become a symbol for the Korean community. Although there has been no reaction against South Korean students at the university, some were worried that the announcement of Seung-Hui&#39;s ethnicity could lead to violence. Shin said he became worried when he heard that Seung-Hui was born in South Korea because he felt it could lead to violence."I hope that doesn&#39;t happen," he said. Still, students remain confident that acceptance will prevail over ignorance. "I&#39;m sure many people in Lincoln don&#39;t connect him (Seung-Hui) to the whole of the Korean people," Kim said. "I don&#39;t feel some serious problem will happen in the community or to any individuals." Some students were concerned some people would not differentiate between North and South Koreans, associating all Koreans with President George W. Bush&#39;s "Axis of Evil." However, that sort of thinking does not appear widespread, they said. "That sort of ignorance may be there at the junior high or high school level, but it rarely happens in college," Shin said. -- Original Source:<a href=http://media.www.dailynebraskan.com/media/storage/paper857/news/2007/04/26/News/Koreans.At.Unl.Dont.Foresee.Backlash.After.Virginia.Tech.Shootings-2881896.shtml>Daily Nebraskan - April 26, 2007</a> Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Daily Nebraskan Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Josh Swartzlander <jdwriter19@yahoo.com> Title A name given to the resource Korean&#39;s at UNL don&#39;t foresee backlash after Virginia Tech shootings university of nebraska